Colgajo nautilus y colgajo en muleta taurina para defectos quirúrgicos faciales periorificiales / Nautilus Flap and Bullfighter Crutch Flap for the Repair of Periorificial Surgical Defects of the Face

Antecedentes La reconstrucción de defectos quirúrgicos en regiones anatómicas próximas a bordes palpebrales, fosas nasales o boca es un reto debido su tendencia a ser deformadas por la tensión del cierre directo o los colgajos cutáneos. El empleo de nuevas técnicas reconstructivas que eviten la retracción de estas zonas sensibles puede suponer un avance importante. Pacientes y métodos Se emplean 2 nuevos diseños, el colgajo nautilus y el colgajo en muleta taurina, para la reconstrucción de defectos quirúrgicos periorificiales, realizando una recolección retrospectiva de los mismos en las zonas periparpebral, perivestibular nasal y peribucal. El colgajo nautilus se empleó en 4 pacientes con defectos periparpebrales y 2 peribucales. El colgajo en muleta taurina se utilizó para la reconstrucción de 14 defectos en ala nasal. Resultados En los 20 pacientes se obtuvieron resultados muy satisfactorios tanto a nivel estético como funcional, sin la aparición de ectropión, colapso del vestíbulo nasal o asimetría de borde labial. No se observó necrosis en ningún caso. Conclusiones Proponemos el colgajo nautilus y el colgajo en muleta taurina como una excelente opción reconstructiva para defectos quirúrgicos localizados en zonas periorificiales (AU)

Background Reconstruction of surgical defects located close to eyelid edges, nostrils, or the mouth is challenging, as tension generated by direct closure or skin flaps in these sensitive regions tends to cause distortion. New repair techniques that prevent retraction may significantly improve outcomes. Patients and methods Retrospective study of the use of 2 novel flap designs—the nautilus flap and the bullfighter crutch flap—to repair surgical defects in the peripalpebral, perivestibular, nasal, and perioral areas. The nautilus flap was used to repair 4 peripalpebral defects and 2 perioral defects, and the bullfighter crutch flap to repair 14 nasal ala defects.Results Cosmetic and functional outcomes were very satisfactory in all 20 patients, with no cases of ectropion, nasal vestibule collapse, or labial asymmetry. Necrosis did not occur in any of the cases. Conclusions The nautilus and bullfighter crutch flaps appear to be excellent choices for reconstructing surgical defects in periorificial areas (AU)

[Translated article] Nautilus Flap and Bullfighter Crutch Flap for the Repair of Periorificial Surgical Defects of the Face / Colgajo nautilus y colgajo en muleta taurina para defectos quirúrgicos faciales periorificiales

Background Reconstruction of surgical defects located close to eyelid edges, nostrils, or the mouth is challenging, as tension generated by direct closure or skin flaps in these sensitive regions tends to cause distortion. New repair techniques that prevent retraction may significantly improve outcomes. Patients and methods Retrospective study of the use of 2 novel flap designs—the nautilus flap and the bullfighter crutch flap—to repair surgical defects in the peripalpebral, perivestibular, nasal, and perioral areas. The nautilus flap was used to repair 4 peripalpebral defects and 2 perioral defects, and the bullfighter crutch flap to repair 14 nasal ala defects.Results Cosmetic and functional outcomes were very satisfactory in all 20 patients, with no cases of ectropion, nasal vestibule collapse, or labial asymmetry. Necrosis did not occur in any of the cases. Conclusions The nautilus and bullfighter crutch flaps appear to be excellent choices for reconstructing surgical defects in periorificial areas (AU)

Antecedentes La reconstrucción de defectos quirúrgicos en regiones anatómicas próximas a bordes palpebrales, fosas nasales o boca es un reto debido su tendencia a ser deformadas por la tensión del cierre directo o los colgajos cutáneos. El empleo de nuevas técnicas reconstructivas que eviten la retracción de estas zonas sensibles puede suponer un avance importante. Pacientes y métodos Se emplean 2 nuevos diseños, el colgajo nautilus y el colgajo en muleta taurina, para la reconstrucción de defectos quirúrgicos periorificiales, realizando una recolección retrospectiva de los mismos en las zonas periparpebral, perivestibular nasal y peribucal. El colgajo nautilus se empleó en 4 pacientes con defectos periparpebrales y 2 peribucales. El colgajo en muleta taurina se utilizó para la reconstrucción de 14 defectos en ala nasal. Resultados En los 20 pacientes se obtuvieron resultados muy satisfactorios tanto a nivel estético como funcional, sin la aparición de ectropión, colapso del vestíbulo nasal o asimetría de borde labial. No se observó necrosis en ningún caso. Conclusiones Proponemos el colgajo nautilus y el colgajo en muleta taurina como una excelente opción reconstructiva para defectos quirúrgicos localizados en zonas periorificiales (AU)

Nautilus Flap and Bullfighter Crutch Flap for the Repair of Periorificial Surgical Defects of the Face. / Colgajo nautilus y colgajo en muleta taurina para defectos quirúrgicos faciales periorificiales.

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of surgical defects located close to eyelid edges, nostrils, or the mouth is challenging, as tension generated by direct closure or skin flaps in these sensitive regions tends to cause distortion. New repair techniques that prevent retraction may significantly improve outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of the use of 2 novel flap designs-the nautilus flap and the bullfighter crutch flap-to repair surgical defects in the peripalpebral, perivestibular, nasal, and perioral areas. The nautilus flap was used to repair 4 peripalpebral defects and 2 perioral defects, and the bullfighter crutch flap to repair 14 nasal ala defects. RESULTS: Cosmetic and functional outcomes were very satisfactory in all 20 patients, with no cases of ectropion, nasal vestibule collapse, or labial asymmetry. Necrosis did not occur in any of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The nautilus and bullfighter crutch flaps appear to be excellent choices for reconstructing surgical defects in periorificial areas.

[Translated article] Nautilus Flap and Bullfighter Crutch Flap for the Repair of Periorificial Surgical Defects of the Face.

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of surgical defects located close to eyelid edges, nostrils, or the mouth is challenging, as tension generated by direct closure or skin flaps in these sensitive regions tends to cause distortion. New repair techniques that prevent retraction may significantly improve outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of the use of 2 novel flap designs-the nautilus flap and the bullfighter crutch flap-to repair surgical defects in the peripalpebral, perivestibular, nasal, and perioral areas. The nautilus flap was used to repair 4 peripalpebral defects and 2 perioral defects, and the bullfighter crutch flap to repair 14 nasal ala defects. RESULTS: Cosmetic and functional outcomes were very satisfactory in all 20 patients, with no cases of ectropion, nasal vestibule collapse, or labial asymmetry. Necrosis did not occur in any of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The nautilus and bullfighter crutch flaps appear to be excellent choices for reconstructing surgical defects in periorificial areas.

Prevalencia del consumo de bebidas energizantes y efectos adversos en estudiantes de medicina / Prevalence of energy drinks consumption and adverse effects among medical students

Introducción: las bebidas energizantes son preparados estimulantes e hidratos de carbono. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia, características del consumo y los efectos adversos en estudiantes de un programa de medicina Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo, que incluyó estudiantes de medicina de una institución de educación superior, excluyendo a aquellos que no cursaban la carga académica completa para su semestre, quienes diligenciaron de manera inadecuada la encuesta o que no aceptaron la participación en el estudio. Resultados y discusión: participaron 241 estudiantes, de los cuales 72,20% eran mujeres. Solo 55 manifestaron trastornos patológicos de tipo insomnio (13,69%) y cefalea o migraña (8,30%) y 49,38% informaron sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes. Existe la probabilidad de una mezcla con sustancias alcohólicas dada la elevada frecuencia de consumo (51,26%), lo que no ocurrió con el hábito de fumar. Los eventos adversos informados fueron insomnio (21,58%), taquicardia (17,43%), cefalea (14,52%), enrojecimiento facial (13,28%) y en menor medida temblor, ansiedad o trastornos gastrointestinales (17,42%). Conclusiones: el consumo de bebidas energizantes es alta durante la adolescencia y en especial en los universitarios, pero estas sustancias a largo plazo pueden generar efectos adversos cuyas principales complicaciones son cardíacas, por lo que es importante vigilar la comercialización de las mismas.

Introduction: energy drinks (ED) are stimulant and carbohydrate preparations. Objective: to determine the prevalence, characteristics of ED usage and adverse effects among students of a medical program Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study, which included medical students of a higher education institution. Those who were not completing the full academic load for their semester, those who responded the survey inadequately or did not agree to participate in the study, were excluded. Results and discussion: 241 students participated, of which 72,20% were females. Only 55 reported symptoms such as insomnia (13.69%) and headache or migraine (8.30%) and 49.38% reported on ED consumption. To combine energy drinks with alcohol is probable, given the high alcohol consumption rate (51.26%), while it was not associated with smoking. Adverse events reported were insomnia (21.58%), tachycardia (17.43%), headache (14.52%), facial flushing (13.28%) and tremor; and to a lesser extent, anxiety, and gastrointestinal disorders (17.42%). Conclusions: energy drinks consumption is high at adolescence, especially among university students. These preparations can produce long-term adverse effects mainly cardiovascular complications. Thus, monitoring ED marketing is important.

Patrones de consumo de bebidasenergéticas y sus efectos adversosen la salud de adolescentes / Energy drink consumption patterns and its adverse effects on adolescent health

FUNDAMENTOS: Las bebidas energizantes generalmente contienen cafeína y otros estimulantes, comercialmente dirigidos a los jóvenes. Investigaciones anteriores sugieren que sus efectos sobre la salud en adolescentes son peligrosos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de taurina y cafeína de bebidas energizantes en la salud de los adolescentes y establecer los patrones del consumo, así como su asociación con síntomas fisiológicos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal de una muestra por conveniencia de estudiantes (n=135) de entre 16 y 17 años de edad en el Estado de Hidalgo, México. Se utilizó un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado de septiembre a noviembre de 2020 para informar los patrones de consumo de bebidas energizantes, los efectos percibidos y los síntomas psicofisiológicos. Para el análisis estadístico del contenido por interjueces. Se aplicó índice de concordancia (coeficiente Kappa de Cohen-Fleiss), para patrones de consumo se utilizaron pruebas de correlación bivariada, coeficientes de correlación de Pearson por niveles (muy alto, moderado, bajo) de cafeína y taurina en los ítems aplicados a población objetivo y rho de Spearman para síntomas fisiológicos y psicológicos. RESULTADOS: Los adolescentes estudiados (media de edad: 16 años; 57,8% de mujeres) informaron haber consumido bebidas energizantes al menos una vez. Solo el 26,7% de los adolescentes (n=36) informaron que nunca habían consumido. El consumo pro-medio de bebidas energizantes fue de una vez por mes (24,4%). Se encontró correlación estadística significativa entre el consumo debebidas con taurina y los efectos físicos (temblores y dolor en el pecho) y el de bebidas con cafeína con los psicofisiológicos (fatiga,micción excesiva, insomnio y sensación de falta de descanso).CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos del estudio indican asociaciones entre el consumo de bebidas energéticas y la presencia desíntomas adversos psicológicos y físicos en los adolescentes.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks generally contain caffeine and other stimulants, commercially aimed at young people. Previousresearch suggests that its effects on adolescents health are dangerous. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of taurineand caffeine consumption from energy drinks on adolescent health and to identify patterns of consumption and, their associationwith physiological symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of students (n=135) aged 16 to 17 years was conducted in the State ofHidalgo, Mexico. A self-administered online questionnaire was used from September to November 2020 to report energy drink con-sumption patterns, perceived effects, and psychophysiological symptoms. The statistical analysis of questionnaire content was made byinterjudges evaluation. A concordance index (Cohen-Fleiss Kappa coefficient) was applied for consumption patterns, bivariate correlationtests, Pearson correlation coefficients for levels (very high, moderate, low) of caffeine and taurine were used in the items applied to thetarget population and Spearmans rho for physiological and psychological effects. RESULTS: The participants (mean age: 16 years; 57.8% of women) reported having consumed energy drinks at least once. Only26.7% of adolescents (n=36) reported that they had never consumed. The average consumption of energy drinks was once permonth (24.4%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the consumption of drinks with taurine and the physicaleffects (tremors and chest pain) and caffeinated beverages with psychophysiological (fatigue, excessive urination, insomnia, andfeeling of lack of rest). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicate associations between energy drink consumption and the presence of adverse psycho-logical and physical symptoms in adolescents.(AU)

Consumption of energy drinks on cardiovascular and metabolic response and performance. Is there an effect? / Consumo de bebidas energéticas sobre la respuesta cardiovascular, metabólica y rendimiento. ¿Hay efecto?

Over the years, the search for nutritional strategies that promote improved sports performance has increased. Among the available options, energy drinks appear as potential nutritional resources for this purpose, because they offer, in addition to caffeine, substances that act synergistically to improve performance, such as taurine, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, promoting improved performance for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the study was to verify the effects of ingesting energy drinks with (ED1) and without carbohydrates (ED0) containing 2 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, and a decaffeinated placebo (PL) on cardiovascular, metabolic and performance parameters during cycling. Twelve male cyclists (age = 24.4 ± 6.6 years old) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol consisted of three experimental sessions of 60 min of continuous cycling (65-75% of VO2maxE) followed by time-trial 6 km. The subjects ingested ED1, ED0 or a placebo drink (PL) 40 min before beginning the exercise. The heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, and the time taken to complete the 6 km time-trial were evaluated. The time taken to complete the time-trial was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PL group than in the groups ED1 and ED0. This time significantly decreased after the ED1 consumption relative to that for the ED0 consumption. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and in the plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were similar in all the considered groups. These results demonstrate that ED1 consumption appears to be more effective at maximizing performance during the last 6 km.(AU)

Con el paso de los años, se ha incrementado la búsqueda de estrategias nutricionales que promuevan un mejor rendimiento deportivo. Entre las opciones disponibles, las bebidas energéticas aparecen como potenciales recursos nutricionales para este fin, pues ofrecen, además de la cafeína, sustancias que actúan sinérgicamente para mejorar el rendimiento, como taurina, carbohidratos, aminoácidos, vitaminas y minerales, promoviendo un mejor rendimiento para atletas tanto aficionados como profesionales. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los efectos de la ingestión de bebidas energéticas con (ED1) y sin carbohidratos (ED0) que contienen 2 mg · kg-1 de cafeína y un placebo descafeinado (PL) sobre los parámetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos y de rendimiento durante el ciclismo. Doce ciclistas varones (edad = 24,4 ± 6,6 años) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. El protocolo consistió en tres sesiones experimentales de 60 min de ciclismo continuo (65-75% del VO2max) seguidas de una prueba contrarreloj de 6 km. Los sujetos ingirieron ED1, ED0 o una bebida placebo (PL) 40 minutos antes de comenzar el ejercicio. Se registró la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la presión arterial (PA), las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y lactato y el tiempo necesario para completar la prueba contrarreloj de 6 km. El tiempo necesario para completar la contrarreloj en el grupo PL fue significativamente mayor (p <0,05) que en los grupos ED1 y ED0. Este tiempo disminuyó significativamente después del consumo de ED1 en relación con el consumo de ED0. La frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y lactato fueron similares en todos los grupos. Estos resultados demuestran que el consumo de ED1 parece ser más eficaz para maximizar el rendimiento durante los últimos 6 km.(AU)

Cirugía taurina en el siglo XXI. De la gloria al desprecio / Taurine surgery in the 21st century from glory to contempt

La cirugía taurina ha pasado de ser algo de lo que el cirujano presumía en todos los ámbitos de su entorno a ser una actividad mal vista desde el punto de vista social e incluyó en nuestro gremio quirúrgico. Sin embargo, los festejos taurinos populares siguen siendo muy frecuentes, con miles de heridos cada año, algunos de ellos graves. Actualmente, la atención sanitaria en festejos taurinos está inmersa en una problemática compleja debido principalmente a cuatro aspectos: 1) desprestigio social y profesional, 2) actividad profesional mal pagada, 3) abandono por las instituciones profesionales y académicas, y 4) falta de un cuerpo de doctrina específico. Todo esto está conllevando a que los equipos de atención sanitaria en cirugía taurina sean cada vez menos profesionalizados y más inexpertos, y a problemas de intrusismo profesional. Esta situación está repercutiendo directamente en la calidad asistencial prestada y en la morbimortalidad de la población herida, con las implicaciones legales que conlleva. Es necesaria una reestructuración de esta situación y el apoyo de las instituciones profesionales, sobre todo de los Colegios de Médicos, y de las instituciones académicas. (AU)

Bullfighting surgery has gone from being something that the surgeon presumed in all areas of his environment to being an activity frowned upon from a social point of view and included in our surgical guild. However, popular bullfighting festivities are still very frequent, with thousands of injured each year, some of them serious. Currently, health care in bullfighting festivals is immersed in a complex problem mainly due to four aspects: 1) social and professional discredit, 2) poorly paid professional activity, 3) abandonment by professional and academic institutions, and 4) lack of a specific body of doctrine. All this is leading to the health care teams in bullfighting surgery being less and less professionalized and more inexperienced, to problems of professional intrusion, and consequently is having a direct impact on the quality of care provided and on the morbidity and mortality of the injured population, with the legal implications that it entails. A restructuring of this situation and the support of professional institutions, especially Medical Associations, and academic institutions, is necessary. (AU)

Taurine surgery in the 21st century from glory to contempt.

Bullfighting surgery has gone from being something that the surgeon could be proud of in any setting to being an activity frowned upon from a social point of view, and even in our surgical guild. However, popular bullfighting festivities are still very frequent, with thousands of injured each year, some of them serious. Currently, health care in bullfighting festivals is immersed in a complex problem mainly due to four factors: 1) social and professional discredit; 2) poorly paid professional activity; 3) neglect by professional and academic institutions; and 4) lack of a specific body of doctrine. All this has led to the health care teams in bullfighting surgery being less and less professionalized and more inexperienced, to problems of professional intrusion. Consequently, there is a direct impact on the quality of care provided and on the morbidity and mortality rates of injured participants, with the legal implications that this entails. A restructuring of this situation and the support of professional institutions, especially Medical Associations, and academic institutions, is necessary.

The Effect of Blanching on Phytochemical Content and Bioactivity of Hypochaeris and Hyoseris Species (Asteraceae), Vegetables Traditionally Used in Southern Italy.

The impact of blanching on the phytochemical content and bioactivity of Hypochaeris laevigata (HL), Hypochaeris radicata (HR), Hyoseris radiata (HRA), and Hyoseris lucida subsp. taurina (HT) leaves was studied and compared to fresh plant materials and residual blanching water. For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were quantified. The antioxidant effect was investigated by using different in vitro tests (ß-carotene, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the potential inhibitory activity of key enzymes linked to obesity was screened against lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Generally, the phytochemical content followed the trend: fresh > blanching water > blanched samples. The same trend was observed in the antioxidant activity independently of the applied test as well as in the inhibition of lipase and carbohydrates-hydrolysing enzymes. In particular, fresh Hypochaeris laevigata (HL1) showed the lowest inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of 31.3 and 42.7 µg/mL, against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively, whereas fresh Hyoseris radiata (HRA1) showed the most promising hypolipidemic activity (IC50 value of 39.8 µg/mL). Collectively, these results support the health effect of these wild plants and demonstrated that blanching water should be reused in food preparation since it is a good source of bioactive compounds and its consumption should be recommended in order to increase the uptake of micronutrients.

Efeitos agudos da ingestão de bebidas energéticas sobre os paramêtros hidro-eletrolíticos durante exercício em esteira / Acute effects of energy drink intake on hydro-electrolytic parameters during the exercise on a treadmill

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se bebidas enegéticas com diferentes composições nutricionais afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência. Doze homens participaram desse estudo duplo cego e crossover randomizado, ingerindo 3mg.kg-1 de cafeína de bebida energética convencional e sugar free, e um placebo carboidratado e não cafeinado, 40 minutos antes de sessão de exercício em ambiente termoneutro. Em cada situação experimental, os avaliados realizaram exercício de corrida em esteira com duração de 60 minutos e intensidade constante entre 65 e 75% do VO2max, seguidos por um sprint correspondendo a 100% do VO2max até a exaustão. Foram avaliados o peso corporal (PC), desidratação absoluta e relativa, densidade da urina, taxa de sudorese e níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito. Durante o exercício os avaliados receberam somente água a cada 15 minutos. Foi verificada alteração nos níveis de densidade da urina antes e depois do exercício para todos os tratamentos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre as bebidas nos níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito (p>0,05) mantendo-se dentro dos níveis de normalidade. Conclui-se que diferentes tipos de bebidas energéticas não afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência ao longo do exercício.

ABSTRACT This work compares the effects promoted by energy drinks with diferente nutricional compositions on the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners. Twelve men participated in this double blinded, randomized crossover study, ingesting 3mg*Kg-1 of a conventional energy drink with caffeine or sugar-free, and a placebo 40-minutes before tests on thermoneutral environment. The duration of the session was 60 minutes with constant intensity between 65 and 75% of VO2max, followed by a sprint corresponding to 100% of VO2max until exhaustion. There were evaluated body weight (BW), absolute and relative dehydration, urine density, sweating rate and Na+, K+ and hematocrit levels. During the exercise, the participants drunk only water every 15 minutes. Changes in urine density levels were observed before and after exercise for all procedures (p <0.05). There was no significant difference on the levels of Na+, K+ and hematocrit between the drinks (p> 0.05), remaining within normal levels. It is concluded that different types of energy drinks do not affect the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners during the exercise.

Bebidas cafeínadas energizantes: efectos neurológicos y cardiovasculares / Caffeinated energy drinks: neurological and cardiovascular effects

RESUMEN Las bebidas cafeínadas energizantes están compuestas esencialmente de cafeína, hidratos de carbono y suplementos dietarios. Aunque los fabricantes defienden que estas bebidas son seguras y muchos consumidores las perciben así, hay preocupación por la posibilidad de que se presenten eventos adversos al consumirlas. Esto nos motivó a hacer una revisión con énfasis en los riesgos cardiovasculares y neurológicos. Se encontraron más quejas de salud (cefalea, trastornos del sueño, irritación y cansancio) en los consumidores que en los no consumidores. Las consultas a urgencias por usar bebidas energizantes fueron más frecuentes cuando hubo coingestión de etanol y otras drogas. La principal causa de consulta cardiovascular a urgencias fue la arritmia y la neurológica, la convulsión. La evidencia encontrada fue de muy baja calidad, lo que limita establecer un nexo de causalidad entre su consumo y estos riesgos. Por otro lado, la interpretación de la toxicidad de estos preparados es complicada porque se deberían tener en cuenta variables como la dosis usada, las diferencias en la sensibilidad del consumidor, el hábito de consumo y el de fumar, la coingestión de otras sustancias, etc., para poder valorar el verdadero riesgo de estas bebidas. A pesar de esto, su consumo concomitante con etanol parece ser un factor de riesgo para toxicidad.

SUMMARY Energy caffeinated beverages are composed mainly of caffeine, carbohydrates and dietary supplements. Although manufacturers claim that these drinks are safe and many consumers perceive that also, there is concern about the possibility that adverse events may occur with their consumption. This led us to review the literature with emphasis on the cardiovascular and neurological risks. It was found that the major health complaints (headache, sleep disorders, irritation and fatigue) were more frequent in consumers than in non-consumers. Emergency room visits motivated by the use of energy drinks were more frequent when there was co-ingestion of ethanol and other drugs. The main cause of cardiovascular emergency consultation was arrhythmia and the neurological one, seizure. The evidence found was of poor quality, which prevented establishing a causal link between the consumption of these drinks and such risks. On the other hand, interpretation of the toxicity of these preparations is complicated because several variables should considered such as dose, individual sensibility, consumption habits, smoking, and co-ingestion of other substances, etc., in order to assess their real risk. Despite this, concomitant consumption of these beverages and ethanol seems to be a risk factor for toxicity.

Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico e tratamento de cardiomiopatia dilatada em tamanduá- bandeira ( Myrmecophaga trydactila ) mantido em cativeiro: relato de caso / Echocardiographic diagnosis and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy in captive giant anteater (Myrmecophaga trydactila): case report

A cardiomiopatia dilatada é uma doença de caráter crônico, que compromete a função cardíaca, resultando em desequilíbrio da circulação sanguínea e da homeostase corporal do animal. Este relato apresenta a evolução do quadro clínico e o tratamento de cardiomiopatia dilatada em um exemplar cativo de tamanduá-bandeira. O animal apresentou quadro clínico de insuficiência cardíaca e foi submetido a duas baterias de exames laboratoriais e de imagem em um período de três meses. Posteriormente, foi iniciado o tratamento com pimobendan e suplementação de taurina, resultando em resposta positiva e melhora dos sinais clínicos do paciente. Os achados ecocardiográficos do caso foram compatíveis com cardiomiopatia dilatada com sinais evidentes de diminuição progressiva das frações de ejeção, bem como encurtamento e aumento expressivo das câmaras cardíacas, quando se comparou este caso ao de cães de grande porte e animais saudáveis da mesma espécie. O tratamento com inotrópico positivo, suplementação dietética de taurina e diuréticos se mostrou eficiente em controlar os sinais clínicos do animal.(AU)

The dilated cardiomyopathy it is a chronic disease that leads to a cardiac dysfunction, resulting in unstable blood circulation and specimen body homeostasis. This description shows the dilated cardiomyopathy evolution and treatment in a giant anteater captive model. The patient presented cardiac insufficient clinical condition and was submitted to two sets of laboratorial and image exams in three months. Furthermore, the treatment started with pimobendam and taurine supplementation, leading to satisfactory response to treatment and clinical improvement. The echocardiographic findings were compatible with dilated cardiomyopathy, moreover clear evidence of progressive reduction at the ejection portions and shortening and expressive increase of the cardiac chamber when compared to large dogs and healthy animals of the same species. Treatment with positive inotropic and taurine dietary supplement revealed as effective in clinical managementr.(AU)

Effect of Extracellular Zinc Chelator on Rat Retinal Ganglion Cell Number, and Taurine and Zinc Transporters in These Cells / Efecto de un quelante de zinc extracelular sobre el número de células ganglionares en retina de rata, y transportadores de taurina y de zinc en estas células

RESUMEN La deficiencia de zinc en humanos produce disminución de antioxidantes, asociados a taurina, en la retina y se relaciona con adaptación anormal a la oscuridad, cataratas, ceguera y degeneración macular. Existe escasa evidencia acerca del efecto del zinc sobre el sistema de taurina en retina de mamíferos, por lo cual estudiamos el efecto del zinc sobre el transportador de taurina (TAUT) y los transportadores de zinc (ZnT-1 y 3) usando el quelante de zinc extracelular, ácido dietileno-triamino-penta-acético (DTPA), mediante inmunocitoquímica e inmunohistoquímica fluorescentes en células ganglionares (CG) y en las capas de la retina de ratas. Tres días después de la administración de DTPA (10μM) se utilizaron anticuerpos primarios y secundarios conjugados con rodamina o fluoresceína-5-isotiocianato (FITC) según fuera el caso. Para el marcaje inmunocitoquímico se contaron trescientas células por condición y la intensidad de fluorescencia se midió como densidad óptica integrada (DOI) en cuatro áreas por cada capa del tejido. El DTPA produjo una disminución en un 32 % y 29 % de las CG del total de células marcadas con los anticuerpos contra glicoproteína Thy 1.1 y γ-sinucleína, respectivamente. También produjo una disminución significativa de la distribución de TAUT en un 27 y 28 % respecto a los controles. DTPA disminuyó la localización de ZnT-1 y ZnT-3 en las capas de retina (células ganglionares, CCG y en las plexiformes externa e interna, CPE y CPI). El estudio de estos transportadores en la retina resulta relevante para entender las interacciones de taurina y de zinc en esta estructura.

ABSTRACT Zinc deficiency in humans causes decreased antioxidants in the retina and is related with abnormal darkness adaptation, cataracts, blindness, and macular degeneration. There is little information about the effects of zinc on the taurine system in mammalian retinal cells. Therefore, we studied the effect of zinc on the taurine transporter (TAUT) and zinc transporters (ZnT-1 and 3) using the extracellular zinc chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) by fluorescence immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the ganglion cells (CG) and cell layers of the retina of rats. Three days after administration ofDTPA (10μM) primary antibodies and secondary antibodies conjugated with rhodamine or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were used as required. For immunocytochemical labeling approximately three hundred cells per condition were counted. For immunohistochemical labeling, the fluorescence intensity was measured as integrated optical density (DOI) in four areas for each layer of tissue. DTPA produced a decrease of 32 % and 29 % in GC of the total cells labeled with antibody against glycoprotein Thy 1.1 and γ-synuclein, respectively. It also produced a significant decrease in TAUT localization in 27 and 28 % compared to controls. DTPA produced a decrease in the localization of ZnT-1 and ZnT-3 in the retina layers (ganglion cells, GCC and the outer and inner plexiform, CEP and CIP). The study of these molecules in the retina is relevant to understanding the interactions of taurine and zinc in this structure.

Protective role of melatonin and taurine against carbamazepine-induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes / Rol protector de la melatonina y taurina contra la toxicidad inducida por la carbamazepina en hepatocitos de rata recién aislados

Carbamazepine is widely used in a broad spectrum of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is a well-known adverse reaction associated with carbamazepine. Hepatotoxicity is rare, but a real concern when initiating therapy. It was found that oxidative stress is a potential mechanism for carbamazepine-induced hepatotoxicity. Present study evaluated the hepato protective role of taurine and melatonin against carbamazepine-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatocytes were prepared by the method of collagenase enzyme perfusion via portal vein. Cells were treated with 400 uM carbamazepine, 1mM taurine, and 1mM melatonin. Cell death, reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were assessed as toxicity markers and the effects of taurine and melatonin administration on them were investigated. Our results showed that carbamazepine induced oxidative stress; increased ROS formation and lipid peroxidation products and also decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (DYm). Carbamazepine caused a decrease in cellular glutathione content and an elevation in oxidized glutathione levels. Our investigation showed that preincubation of hepatocytes with taurine (1 mM) could alleviate oxidative damages induced by carbamazepine; melatonin was also a good antioxidant to protect hepatocytes against cytotoxicity induced by carbamazepine. It may be concluded that taurine and melatonin are effective antioxidants to prevent carbamazepine-induced hepatotoxicity. Following our findings, further studies are suggested on the antioxidant effects of taurine and melatonin in patients receiving carbamazepine.

La carbamazepina es ampliamente utilizada en un gran espectro de trastornos psiquiátricos y neurológicos. La hepatotoxicidad idiosincrásica es una conocida reacción adversa asociada con la carbamazepina. La hepatotoxicidad es rara, pero es una preocupación real al iniciar el tratamiento. Se ha reportado que el estrés oxidativo es un potencial mecanismo para la hepatotoxicidad inducida por carbamazepina. El presente estudio evaluó la función hepato-protectora de la taurina y melatonina contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por carbamazepina. Los hepatocitos se prepararon por el método de perfusión de la enzima colagenasa a través de la vena porta. Las células fueron tratadas con 400 uM de carbamazepina, 1 mM de taurina, y 1 mM de melatonina. La muerte celular, formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), peroxidación de lípidos, y despolarización de la membrana mitocondrial fueron evaluadas como marcadores de toxicidad, junto con investigar los efectos de la taurina y melatonina administrada en ellos. Nuestros resultados mostraron estrés oxidativo inducido por carbamazepina, con aumento de las ERO, formación de productos de la peroxidación lipídica y disminución del potencial de membrana mitocondrial (DYm). La carbamazepina causó una disminución en el contenido celular de glutatión y una elevación de los niveles de glutatión no-oxidado. Se observó que la preincubación de los hepatocitos con taurina (1 mM) podría aliviar los daños oxidativos inducidos por carbamazepina; además la melatonina también fue un buen antioxidante para proteger a los hepatocitos. Se puede concluir que tanto la taurina y melatonina son antioxidantes eficaces para prevenir la hepatotoxicidad inducida por carbamazepina. Tras nuestros resultados, se sugiere estudiar los efectos antioxidantes de la taurina y melatonina en pacientes tratados con carbamazepina.

Efeitos agudos e repetidos da cocaína em ratas em diferentes condições hormonais: estudo dos mecanismos inibitórios e tóxicos no sistema nervoso central / Acute and repeated effects of cocaine in rats under different hormonal conditions: study of inhibitory and toxic mechanisms in the central nervous system

A sensibilização comportamental à cocaína consiste no aumento da resposta após uso repetido intermitente da substância, e tem sido apontada como um dos principais fatores que aumentam o risco do desenvolvimento da dependência. Indivíduos do sexo feminino têm mostrado efeitos mais intensos em resposta ao uso de psicoestimulantes do que os do sexo masculino, influenciados por diferenças hormonais. Além da neurotoxicidade induzida por sua ação nos sistemas dopaminérgico e glutamatérgico (excitatórios), a cocaína influencia a atividade dos sistemas inibitórios cerebrais (GABA e taurina), que se contrapõe aos sistemas acima. Objetivamos, portanto, verificar a influência dos hormônios femininos na neurotoxicidade da cocaína e nas adaptações dos sistemas inibitórios cerebrais, secundárias ao uso deste psicoestimulante em fêmeas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas ratas intactas hormonalmente ou ratas ovariectomizadas, recebendo reposição hormonal (progesterona e/ou estradiol) ou não. Estas foram sensibilizadas com doses repetidas de cocaína e seu comportamento (atividade locomotora e estereotipias) foi monitorado. Para avaliar a influência dos hormônios na neurotoxicidade da cocaína, foi realizado Teste Cometa em diferentes regiões cerebrais, para verificar lesão de DNA na célula neuronal. Para verificar a influência destes hormônios nos níveis extracelulares de GABA (e seus precursores, glutamato e glutamina) e de taurina no córtex pré-frontal medial, os animais foram submetidos a sessões de microdiálise após realização de cirurgia estereotáxica. Os resultados de comportamento indicaram apenas as fêmeas com presença endógena de estradiol e progesterona desenvolveram tanto sensibilização locomotora quanto estereotipia. Já a reposição de estradiol aumentou os comportamentos estereotipados após desafio à cocaína, enquanto as ratas que receberam reposição de progesterona, associada ou não ao estradiol, apresentaram menor escore de estereotipia após cocaína repetida. Tanto a exposição aguda quanto a sensibilização à cocaína induziram dano no DNA em diferentes regiões cerebrais das ratas, exceto no hipotálamo, onde o dano foi comparado ao das ratas que não receberam cocaína. A presença endógena de estrógeno e progesterona diminuiu o dano provocado pela administração de cocaína em todas as regiões cerebrais, mostrando que uma maior sensibilização em fêmeas pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento de neuroplasticidade nas regiões avaliadas. Os níveis extracelulares de GABA, de seus precursores e de taurina também sofreram alteração após exposição à cocaína. A administração aguda deste psicoestimulante aumentou os níveis de GABA, glutamato e taurina e diminuiu os níveis de glutamina no CPFm, de forma diferente se for considerada a condição hormonal. Já a sensibilização à cocaína provocou menor alteração nos níveis de GABA e de taurina e consequente aumento nos níveis de glutamato no CPFm das ratas com presença hormonal endógena. Estes resultados sugerem que uma maior sensibilização à cocaína em fêmeas pode estar relacionada a uma hipofuncionalidade dos sistemas inibitórios cerebrais decorrentes da presença endógena dos hormônios sexuais femininos. Portanto, a sensibilização à cocaína em fêmeas com presença hormonal (principalmente o estrógeno) está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de neuroplasticidade e a uma menor atividade dos sistemas inibitórios cerebrais, com consequente aumento na atividade excitatória no CPFm, uma das regiões cerebrais mais importantes no desenvolvimento da adição.

Behavioral sensitization to cocaine is an increased response after repeated intermittent use of the substance, and has been identified as one of the main factors that increase the risk of developing addiction. Females have shown higher effects in response to psychostimulant use than males, influenced by hormonal differences. In addition to the induction of dopaminergic and glutamatergic (excitatory) neurotoxicity, cocaine influences the activity of brain systems inhibitory (GABA and taurine), which is opposite to the above systems. We aim therefore to investigate the influence of female hormones on cocaine neurotoxicity and in brain adaptations, secondary to this psychostimulant use in inhibitory systems of female rats. In this sense, we used hormonally intact rats or ovariectomized rats receiving hormone replacement therapy (progesterone and/or estrogen) or not. These were sensitized with repeated doses of cocaine and its behavior (locomotor activity and stereotypies) was monitored. To evaluate the influence of hormones on the neurotoxicity of cocaine, Comet Assay was performed in different brain areas, to verify DNA damage in neuronal cell. To check the influence of these hormones in extracellular levels of GABA (and its precursors, glutamate and glutamine) and taurine in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the animals were subjected to microdialysis session after performing stereotactic surgery. The behavior results indicated that only females with endogenous presence of both estrogen and progesterone developed sensitization by hyperlocomotion and stereotypy. The estradiol replacement increased stereotypic behaviors after cocaine challenge, while the rats that received progesterone replacement, associated or not with estradiol, had lower scores of stereotypy after repeated cocaine. Both acute exposure and sensitization to cocaine induced DNA damage in different brain areas of female rats, except in the hypothalamus , where the damage was compared to the rats that did not receive cocaine. The presence of endogenous estrogen and progesterone decreased the damage caused by the administration of cocaine in all brain areas, showing that greater sensitization in females may be associated to neuroplasticity development in the evaluated areas. Extracellular levels of GABA, its precursors and taurine also been changed after cocaine exposure. Acute administration of cocaine increased levels of GABA, glutamate and taurine and decreased glutamine levels in mPFC, differently according with the hormonal condition. Already cocaine sensitization caused less change in the levels of GABA and taurine and subsequent increased levels of glutamate in the mPFC of rats with endogenous hormonal presence. These results suggest that greater sensitization to cocaine in females may be related to a hypofunction of brain inhibitory systems resulting from the presence of endogenous female sex hormones. Therefore, sensitization to cocaine in females with hormonal presence (especially the estrogen) is related to the neuroplasticity development and a lower inhibitory activity of brain systems, with a consequent increase in excitatory activity in the mPFC, one of the most important brain areas involved in the drug addition.

Effects of taurine supplementation and swimming, associated or not, on obesity and glucose homeostasis in mice / Efeito da suplementação com taurina e da natação, associadas ou não, sobre a obesidade e homeostase glicêmica em camundongos

Studies show that physical exercise (PE) is associated with a reduced fat accumulation and increased insulin sensitivity, and taurine (TAU) improves glucose homeostasis in lean rodents. The aim in this work was evaluate the effects of supplementing TAU and practice of PE, associated or not, on obesity and glucose homeostasis on obese MSG-mice. Neonate male Swiss mice received injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG group) or saline (CON group). From the 30th to the 90th day of life, one group of animals received TAU in drinking water (MSG TAU group), another was subjected to PE (MSG PE group) and a third group underwent both procedures (MSG PE TAU group). Mice treated with MSG become obese, hypertriglyceridemic, glucose intolerant and insulin resistant. The supplementation with TAU and the PE, isolated or associated, reduced the triglycerides (38%), glucose intolerance (around 30%) and KITT (79%) in MSG-obese animals, but did not influence the accumulation of fat. Interestingly, the combination of both strategies significantly reduced the insulin resistance, compared to animals subjected to isolated strategies. In conclusion, the supplementation with TAU and PE, isolated or associated, did not influence the accumulation of fat in MSG-obese mice, however, reduce the triglycerides and insulin resistance.

O exercício físico (EF) está associado à redução do acúmulo de gordura e aumento na sensibilidade à insulina e a taurina (TAU) melhora a homeostase glicêmica em roedores magros. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com TAU e do EF, associados ou não, sobre a obesidade e a homeostase glicêmica em camundongos obesos-MSG. Camundongos Swiss machos neonatos receberam injeções de glutamato monossódico (grupo MSG) ou salina (grupo CON). Do 30º ao 90º dia de vida, um grupo de animais MSG recebeu TAU na água de beber (MSG TAU); outro foi submetido ao EF (MSG EX) e um terceiro grupo foi submetido aos dois procedimentos (MSG EX TAU). Camundongos -MSG tornaram-se obesos, hipertrigliceridêmicos, intolerantes à glicose e resistentes à insulina. A suplementação com TAU e o EF, associados ou isolados, reduziram a trigliceridemia (38%), a intolerância à glicose (30%) e o KITT (79%) nos animais obesos-MSG, porém, não influenciaram o acúmulo de gordura. A associação das duas estratégias diminui significativamente a resistência à insulina, comparado aos animais submetidos às estratégias isoladas. Conclui-se que a suplementação com TAU e o EF, associados ou isolados, não influenciam no acúmulo de gordura dos camundongos obesos-MSG, porém, diminuem a trigliceridemia e a resistência à insulina.

Bebidas energiznntes: ¿hidratantes o estimulantes? / Energy drinks: rehydrating agents or stimulants?

Antecedentes. Las bebidas energizantes tienen amplia distribución, su consumo ha aumentado debido al fácil acceso, sus propiedades estimulantes y a las características de inocuidad que se les atribuyen. El poco conocimiento de sus características lleva a confusión con las bebidas hidratantes usándolas de forma indiscriminada, aunque las bebidas hidratantes buscan prevenir la deshidratación y las energizantes tienen un efecto estimulante. Objetivo. Describir los componentes de las bebidas energizantes y analizar los efectos, reacciones indeseables y precauciones frente a su uso. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en Pubmed con los términos MeSH: "caffeine" OR "taurine" OR "gluconates" en combinación con el término "energy drinks" con especificadores encontrando 42 artículos, se analizaron los resúmenes y se incluyeron 29 artículos. Resultados. Las bebidas energizantes se componen de metilxantinas, carbihodratos, taurina, vitaminas y/o guaraná. La mayoría de los efectos estimulantes son a expensas de las altas concentraciones de metilxantinas como la cafeína. Estas altas concentraciones aumentan el riesgo de intoxicación y dependencia a la cafeína. Se han reportado casos de arritmias, infartos cardíacos, exacerbación de sintomatología psiquiátrica y presencia de crisis convulsivas asociadas a su consumo. Además, la mezcla con alcohol aumenta los daños relacionados con la intoxicación alcohólica. Por los efectos diuréticos y cardiovasculares no se recomiendan en deportistas. Conclusiones. Se evidencia que los componentes de las bebidas energizantes no son completamente inocuos. Aunque no se conocen los efectos crónicos, la literatura advierte el daño a la salud que puede producirse con la ingesta aguda fuerte o con el consumo frecuente. Es necesario implementar medidas dirigidas a informar las consecuencias de estas sustancias y restringir su consumo en poblaciones de riesgo.

Background. Energy drinks can be found almost everywhere; their consumption has increased due to ease of access to them, their stimulant properties and the idea that they are harmless. Scarce knowledge about their characteristics has led to them being confused with rehydrating drinks and thus their indiscriminate use, even though rehydrating drinks seek to prevent dehydration and energy drinks have a stimulant effect. Objective. Describing energy drinks' components and analysing their effects, undesired reactions and precautions regarding their use. Materials and methods. The literature in Pubmed was reviewed using the MeSH terms «caffeine¼ OR «taurine¼ OR «gluconates¼ combined with the term «energy drinks¼ with specifiers, 42 articles being found. The summaries were analysed and 29 articles were included in the study. Results. Energy drinks contain methylxanthines, carbohydrates, taurine, vitamins and/or guaraná (caffeine source from an Amazon region berry). Most stimulant effects happen at the expense of high concentrations of methylxanthines such as caffeine. Such high concentrations increase the risk of poisoning and caffeine dependence. Cases of arrhythmia, heart attack, exacerbation of psychiatric symtomatology and convulsions associated with their consumption have been reported. Furthermore, mixing them with alcohol increases alcohol poisoning-related damage. They are not recommended for sportspeople due to their diuretic and cardiovascular effects. Conclusions. It has been shown that energy drink components are not completely innocuous. Even though their chronic effects remain unknown, the literature does warn about the damage to health which could be caused by strong acute consumption or frequent consumption. Measures must thus be implemented which are aimed at broadcasting the consequences of these substances and restricting their consumption by atrisk populations.

Lipoic acid effects on glutamate and taurine concentrations in rat hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced seizures / Efeitos do ácido lipóico nas concentrações de glutamato e taurina no hipocampo de ratos após convulsões induzidas por pilocarpina

Pilocarpine-induced seizures can be mediated by increases in oxidative stress and by cerebral amino acid changes. The present research suggests that antioxidant compounds may afford some level of neuroprotection against the neurotoxicity of seizures in cellular level. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the lipoic acid (LA) effects in glutamate and taurine contents in rat hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.9 percent saline (Control), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, Pilocarpine), LA (10 mg/kg, LA), and the association of LA (10 mg/kg) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg), that was injected 30 min before of administration of LA (LA plus pilocarpine). Animals were observed during 24 h. The amino acid concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). In pilocarpine group, it was observed a significant increase in glutamate content (37 percent) and a decrease in taurine level (18 percent) in rat hippocampus, when compared to control group. Antioxidant pretreatment significantly reduced the glutamate level (28 percent) and augmented taurine content (32 percent) in rat hippocampus, when compared to pilocarpine group. Our findings strongly support amino acid changes in hippocampus during seizures induced by pilocarpine, and suggest that glutamate-induced brain damage plays a crucial role in pathogenic consequences of seizures, and imply that strong protective effect could be achieved using lipoic acid through the release or decrease in metabolization rate of taurine amino acid during seizures.

As convulsões induzidas pela pilocarpina podem ser mediadas através do aumento do estresse oxidativo cerebral e das alterações na concentração dos aminoácidos. O presente estudo sugere que compostos antioxidantes podem produzir neuroproteção contra a neurotoxicidade em nível celular causada pelas convulsões. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ácido lipóico (AL) no conteúdo de glutamato e taurina no hipocampo de ratos durante convulsões induzidas por pilocarpina. Ratos Wistar foram tratados por via intraperitoneal com solução salina 0,9 por cento (controle), pilocarpina (400 mg/kg, pilocarpina), AL (10 mg/kg) e com a associação de AL (10 mg/kg); 30 min após com pilocarpina (400 mg/kg), que foi injetada 30 min após a administração de AL (AL + pilocarpina). Os animais foram observados durante 24 horas. As concentrações de aminoácidos foram determinadas por HPLC. No hipocampo dos ratos do grupo pilocarpina foi observado um aumento significativo de 37 por cento na concentração de glutamato e uma diminuição de 18 por cento no nível de taurina, quando comparado ao grupo controle. O pré-tratamento com o antioxidante reduziu significativamente o nível de glutamato em 28 por cento e aumentou em 32 por cento os níveis de taurina no hipocampo dos ratos, quando comparado ao grupo pilocarpina. Nossos resultados sugerem que ocorrem alterações na concentração dos aminoácidos no hipocampo de ratos durante as convulsões induzidas por pilocarpina, e que o glutamato pode desempenhar um papel crucial na fisiopatologia das convulsões, e que o efeito protetor poderia ser alcançado com pré-tratamento com ácido lipóico, provavelmente pelo aumento da liberação ou redução da taxa de metabolização dos aminoácidos durante as convulsões.

Influência da taurina na remodelação cardíaca: [revisão] / Influence of taurine on cardiac remodeling: [review]

Alteration of ventricular weight, structure, geometry and volume in response to alteration of loading conditions or myocardial injury are viewed as examples of ventricular remodeling. It is well accepted that ventricular remodeling is initially a compensatory process infl uenced by hemodynamic overload or neurohormonal activation. However, chronic ventricular remodeling is now recognized as a pathological process, which results in progressive ventricular dysfunction and clinical presentation of heart failure or sudden death. Several experimental and clinical studies showedthat reduced taurine levels are associated with important cardiovascular alterations. Likewise, taurine supplementation attenuated the cardiac remodeling induced by different injuries. Some theories have been proposed to account for the cardioprotective activity of taurine: role similar to diuretics, since it promotes sodium and water excretion; modulating role on several relevant ions for the normal functioning of the cardiac cell;protection of the liposomal membranes against damages caused by freeradicals and antagonic action to angiotensin II reduction of the salt andfluid load; sodium and calcium modulation; protection against oxidativestress; and attenuation of the angiotensin II actions on ion transport, protein synthesis and angiotensin signaling. Therefore, the evidences suggest that taurine might play a critical role in the cardiac remodeling process.

La remodelación cardíaca es defi nida como variaciones moleculares e intersticiales que se manifiestan clínicamente por medio dealteraciones en el tamaño, masa, geometría y función del corazón en respuesta a determinada agresión. La remodelación ventricular tienecomo objetivo principal mantener la función cardíaca estable en situaciones de agresión. Sin embargo, crónicamente, con la continuidado progreso del proceso ocurre disfunciónventricular progresiva y muerte. Diversos estudios experimentales y clínicos han sugerido que la reducción de las concentraciones de taurina resulta en importantes modifi cacionescardiovasculares. Otra línea de evidencia sugestiva de la relevancia de la taurina para el corazón es que su suplementación ha atenuado el proceso de remodelación en diferentes situaciones de agresión. En relacióncon los mecanismos propuestos para explicar los efectos benéfi cos de la taurina en el proceso de remodelación cardíaca, se destacan: el papel semejante a los diuréticos por promoverexcreción de sodio y agua; el papel modulador de diversos iones relevantes para el funcionamiento normal de la célula cardíaca; la protecciónde las membranas liposómicas contra daños causados por radicales libres y, fi nalmente, la acción antagonista de angiotensina II. Así, las evidencias hasta el momento permitensuponer que la taurina puede desempeñar un papel crítico en la modulación del proceso deremodelación cardíaca.

A remodelação cardíaca é definida comovariações moleculares e intersticiais, que se manifestam clinicamente por meio de alterações no tamanho, massa, geometria e na função docoração em resposta à determinada agressão. A princípio, a remodelação ventricular tem como objetivo manter a função cardíaca estável em situações de agressão. Cronicamente, entretanto, com a continuidade e/ou progressão do processo ocorre disfunção ventricular progressiva e morte. Diversos estudos experimentais e clínicos têm sugerido que a redução das concentraçõesde taurina resulta em importantes modificações cardiovasculares. Do mesmo modo, outra linhade evidência sugestiva da relevância da taurina para o coração é que sua suplementação atenuou o processo de remodelação em diferentes situações de agressão. Em relação aos mecanismos propostos para explicar os efeitosbenéficos da taurina no processo de remodelação cardíaca, destacam-se: papel semelhante aos diuréticos, por promover a excreção de sódioe água; papel modulador de diversos íons relevantes para o funcionamento normal da célula cardíaca; proteção das membranas lipossômicas contra danos causados por radicais livres e, fi nalmente, ação antagonista da angiotensina II. Assim, as evidências até o momento permitem a suposição de que a taurina pode desempenhar papel crítico na modulação do processo da remodelação cardíaca.